Editing United States

The '''United States of America''' is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district.

The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of [[Britain]] located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the [[Declaration of Independence]], which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the [[American Revolution]]ary War, the first successful colonial war of independence. A federal convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.

In the 19th century, the United States acquired land from [[France]], [[Spain]], the United Kingdom, [[Mexico]], and [[Russia]], and annexed the Republic of [[Texas]] and the Republic of [[Hawaii]]. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of [[slavery]] provoked the [[American Civil War]] of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest. The Spanish–American War and [[World War I]] confirmed the country's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States emerged from [[World War II]] as the first country with [[atomic bomb|nuclear weapons]], a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO. The end of the [[Cold War]] left the United States as the sole superpower. 

== United States in ''[[Curious Notions (novel)|Curious Notions]]''==
In the [[alternate]] designated by [[Crosstime Traffic (company)|Crosstime Traffic]] as "3477", the '''United States''' remained neutral during [[World War I (Curious Notions)|World War I]], and watched helplessly as [[Germany (Curious Notions)|Germany]] subdued [[Europe (Curious Notions)|Europe]], solidifying its rule by the late 1930s. In 1956, Germany attacked and defeated the United States with [[atomic bomb (Curious Notions)|atomic bombs]]. The United States remained under German rule for the next 150 years.

== United States in [[Days of Infamy series|Days of Infamy]]==
[[Image:USA.jpg|thumb|right|]]
The '''United States''' had sought to remain neutral in the conflict that was quickly evolving into [[World War II (Days of Infamy)|World War II]]. That ended in 1941, when, in response to [[Japan (Days of Infamy)|Japan]]'s aggression in [[China (Days of Infamy)|China]], the United States stopped selling oil and steel to Japan. Japan saw this as an act of aggression, as without these resources Japan's military machine would grind to a halt. In March, 1941, the Japanese government resolved to go to war with the United States. The first blow would be an attack on the U.S. naval base at [[Pearl Harbor (Days of Infamy)|Pearl Harbor]], on the U.S. territory of [[Hawaii (Days of Infamy)|Hawaii]]. However, at the insistence of Commander [[Minoru Genda]] and Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto (Days of Infamy)|Isoroku Yamamoto]], that plan became an invasion of Hawaii.

The invasion began on December 7, 1941. U.S. forces, believing such an attack impossible while also presuming their inherent superiority, were surprised by the efficiency and skill Japanese forces demonstrated. The Japanese quickly gained dominance of the air and the sea, and U.S. ground forces were overwhelmed by the tenacity of the Japanese army. By February, 1942, U.S. forces surrendered.

For the remainder of 1942, U.S. policy was directed to regaining Hawaii, while also at war with Japan's ally, [[Germany (Days of Infamy)|Germany]]. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt (Days of Infamy)|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wanted to pursue a "Germany first" policy in the war, but the loss of Hawaii, followed by Japan's air raid on [[San Francisco (Days of Infamy)|San Francisco]], forced the U.S. to focus its attention on the Pacific. 

The first response from the U.S. came in March, 1942, when [[Jimmy Doolittle]] led an air-raid on [[Oahu]]. In retaliation, Japanese bombers raided San Francisco, an act that futher humiliated the U.S. 

In June, 1942, the United States sent a fleet of three aircraft carriers and assorted troopships and destroyers to retake the islands. The Japanese navy met the Americans, sinking two of the carriers (the ''[[Saratoga]]'' and the ''[[Yorktown (WW II Fleet Carrier)#Yorktown in Days of Infamy|Yorktown]]'') and forcing a retreat. Embarassed, the United States continued its production of aircraft carriers. It was able to hurt Japan's supply lines via [[submarine]]s and harrassed the islands with bombing raides. 

In the wake of the failed invasion, the U.S. concentrated on a realistic plan for invading Hawaii, assembling an overwhelming force. In 1943, the United States returned, with a massive fleet, comprised of some 7 aircraft carriers, 5 light carriers, close to a dozen escort carriers, several destroyers, and troop carriers. This invasion proved to be the end of Japanese rule in Hawaii, as the Japanese naval contingent was destroyed, and the Japanese supplyline, already taxed, was broken completely. American forces landed at Oahu, and after a period of bitter fighting, were able to subdue Japan's ground forces. 

The United States turned its attention to [[Midway (Days of Infamy)|Midway]], which was still in Japanese control.

==United States in ''[[The Disunited States of America]]''==
In one [[alternate]] visited by [[Crosstime Traffic (company)|Crosstime Traffic]], the '''United States''' failed when a conflict at the Constitutional Convention over the nature of representation could not be resolved or compromised. The Articles of Confederation were allowed to stand, and eventually all of the states became independent countries. 

==United States in ''[[The Gladiator (novel)|The Gladiator]]''==
In one [[alternate]] the '''United States''' backed down during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis#Cuban Missile Crisis in The Gladiator|Cuban Missile Crisis]] in 1962, allowing the [[Soviet Union#Soviet Union in The Gladiator|Soviet Union]] to maintain missiles in [[Cuba#Cuba in The Gladiator|Cuba]]. This decision signaled to the world that the United States was not as ardent about fighting the Cold War as it claimed. In 1968, the U.S. withdrew troops from the [[Vietnam War#Vietnam War in The Gladiator|Vietnam War]]. In response, [[Europe#Europe in The Gladiator|European]] [[communism#communism in The Gladiator|communists]] and socialists established [[popular fronts#popular fronts in The Gladiator|popular fronts]], which gradually pushed European governments away from the US and towards the Soviet Union. By the 1970s, most of Europe was under communist rule. 

The United States held out on its own until the end of the 20th century, when it too fell to communist rule. By the late 21st century, the United States was seen as harmless, and was completely obedient to the USSR. 

Americans were usually portrayed as villains in the popular culture of the world, often acting as spies who sought to bring back [[capitalism#capitalism in The Gladiator|capitalism]] or [[Nazi Party#Nazi Party in The Gladiator|Nazism]] or both.

== United States in ''[[The Guns of the South]]''==
In 1861, under President [[Abraham Lincoln (The Guns of the South)|Abraham Lincoln]], the '''United States''' became involved in a civil war when eleven [[slavery|slaveholding]] Southern states attempted to secede from the Union and form the [[Confederate States (The Guns of the South)|Confederate States]] of America. Four years of warfare (what became known as the [[Second American Revolution]]) followed.

In 1864, the Confederacy's chances of victory were diminishing in the face several critical military defeats and the vast difference in industrial and human resources that favored the U.S. However, through the actions of a group of time-travelering members of the [[Afrikanerweerstandsbeweging]], a racist [[South Africa (The Guns of the South)|South African]] organization, the South was saved. The Rivingon men (as they came to be called) supplied [[Robert E. Lee (The Guns of the South)|Robert E. Lee]]'s [[Army of Northern Virginia]] with [[AK-47]] automatic rifles. These futuristic weapons more than made up for the Confederacy's lack of resources. 

After several weeks of training, the Army of Northern Virginia engaged the Federal military at [[Bealeton]], [[Virginia (The Guns of the South)|Virginia]]. The Federals were completely surprised by the new "repeaters", and quickly collapsed. The ANV pressed on to [[Washington City]], where President Abraham Lincoln had remained despite the encroaching enemy. When Lee and his army arrived, Lincoln invited the rebel commander into the White House to negotiate an armistice, ending major combat of the Second American Revolution. 

The United States licked its wounds. Lincoln was voted out of office, although he was able to secure reasonably good terms for peace. One conflict was the status of [[Kentucky (The Guns of the South)|Kentucky]] and [[Missouri (The Guns of the South)|Missouri]], two slave-states. Under a compromise, both were allowed to decide which country they would join in a [[plebiscite]]. Missouri remained part of the United States, while Kentucky joined the Confederate States.

The United States was able reverse engineer AK-47s captured from Confederate troops. These guns were put into mass production. Although not quite as reliable as the Confederate models, the guns were nonetheless successful. By 1867, the United States had launched a war with [[Britain (The Guns of the South)|Britain]] and an invasion of [[Canada (The Guns of the South)|Canada]]. 

No one in the U.S. ever learned the true origin of the AK-47.

== United States in [[The War That Came Early]] ==
The '''United States''' maintained a policy of isolation and neutrality when [[World War II (The War That Came Early)|a wider European war]] began over [[Czechoslovakia (The War That Came Early)|Czechoslovakia]] in 1938. However, individual Americans had flocked to the [[Spanish Republicans (The War That Came Early)|Spanish Republican]] banner in 1936 with the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War (The War That Came Early)|Spanish Civil War]]. The United States did take further steps to protect its interests in [[China (The War That Came Early)|China]] during the [[Japan (The War That Came Early)|Japanese]] [[Second Sino-Japanese War|invasion and occupation]] that began in 1937.

In 1939, the [[Germany (The War That Came Early)|German]] [[submarine]] [[U-30]] accidentally sank the American ship ''[[SS Athenia (The War That Came Early)|SS Athenia]]''. The German government denied responsibility, and shifted the blame to [[Britain (The War That Came Early)|Britain]]. The U.S. government did not at that point see the sinking of the ''Athenia'' as a grounds for declaring war.

==United States in ''[[The Man With the Iron Heart]]''==
The '''United States''' had entered [[World War II (Iron Heart)|World War II]] unwillingly, but had soon proven equal to the task. By May, 1945, [[Germany (Iron Heart)|Germany]] had fallen to combined American [[Britain (Iron Heart)|British]], [[France (Iron Heart)|French]] and [[Soviet Union (Iron Heart)|Soviet]] forces.

[[Harry Truman (Iron Heart)|Harry Truman]] had been suddenly thrust into the presidency when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt#Franklin D. Roosevelt in The Man With the Iron Heart|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] died in April, 1945. Truman was faced several difficult decisions. While the [[Europe#Europe in The Man With the Iron Heart|European]] theater of [[World War II (Iron Heart)|World War II]] was winding down, [[Japan (Iron Heart)|Japan]] had signalled its intention to fight to the bitter end. In actuality, the war in Europe erupted again almost immediately, as the [[German Freedom Front]], under the leadership of [[Reinhard Heydrich (Iron Heart)|Reinhard Heydrich]], launched a resistance movement against the [[Allied Forces (Iron Heart)|Allied forces]] occupying the country. The casualties inflicted against [[United States (Iron Heart)|American]] troops began to wear away at public support for the occupation.

While Germany continued to simmer, the war against Japan continued at full boil. Shortly after taking office, Truman was informed of the development of the [[Atomic bomb (Iron Heart)|atomic bomb]]. Fearing the loss of life that could arise from the invasion of the Japanese home islands, Truman ordered the deployment of a bomb against the Japanese cities of [[Hiroshima#Hiroshima in The Man With the Iron Heart|Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki#Nagasaki in The Man With the Iron Heart|Nagasaki]] respectively in August, 1945. Japan immediately surrendered.

However, Germany was quietly deteriorating. Nearly 1000 American soldiers had been killed since the war officially ended (including General [[George Patton (Iron Heart)|George Patton]]), and the [[United States Army (Iron Heart)|U.S. Army]] seemed unable to stop the GFF. The mother of one of those killed, [[Diana McGraw]], gathered together other people who'd lost loved ones, and began protesting the Truman Administration. December, 1945 proved to be a most difficult period for the country. The GFF destroyed the [[Palace of Justice]] in [[Nuremberg (Iron Heart)|Nuremberg]] just as various [[Nazi Party (Iron Heart)|Nazi]] officials were to go on trial for war crimes, and then issued a film featuring kidnapped private [[Matthew Cunningham]] pleading for the withdrawal of troops in exchange for his life. That film leaked to the American press by [[Tom Schmidt]], a reporter in Germany. Dian McGraw's [[Mothers Against the Madness in Germany]] protested outside the [[White House#White House in The Man With the Iron Heart|White House]]. Her group was joined by various legislators, both [[Republican Party (Iron Heart)|Republicans]] and [[Democratic Party (Iron Heart)|Democrats]]. 

Witnessing the protest, Truman himself approached McGraw, and argued the threat that both the Nazis and the [[Soviet Union (Iron Heart)|Soviet Union]] (America's former ally) posed to the peace. Unfortunately for him, Truman took far too condescending a tone, which helped shore up McGraw's own self-assurance that the lives lost were too a high a price. Nor could he dislodge her belief that the atomic bomb would be easily deployed should either Germany or the USSR become a threat.

Truman continued this line of argument publically throughout 1946. He dismissed the notion that McGraw's view was gaining momentum with the American people, and waived off the possibility that the [[Republican Party (Iron Heart)|Republicans]] would ride the issue to Congressional victory in the fall. He also asserted that foreign policy was set by the executive, and so scoffed angrily at the idea that Republican Congress could (much less would) order the troops home. 

In 1946, American troops very nearly had their hands on Heydrich after the guerrilla leader personally oversaw the kidnapping of a group of German physicists from [[Britain (Iron Heart)|British]] custody. [[Tom Schmidt]], now working for the ''[[Chicago Tribune (Iron Heart)|Chicago Tribune]]'', grew ever more critical of the Administration, dispensing with much civility. 

With the actual war over, American policy now grew frosty to its allies, especially the Soviet Union, although this applied to France as well. Despite warnings from [[Counter-Intelligence Corps#counter-intelligence corps|CIC]] officer [[Lou Weissberg]], French authorities did not heed warnings that the German town of [[Hechingen (Iron Heart)|Hechingen]] would be a GFF target. 
The GFF was able to collected a quantity of [[radium (Iron Heart)|radium]] that had been abandoned by the German scientists, and detonated it as part of a bomb in the American compound in [[Frankfurt (Iron Heart)|Frankfurt]]. This attack came just as the Allies were making their second attempt to try German war criminals.

With these events as a spring-board, the Republicans were able to take back the House and the Senate in November, 1946. In the meantime, America's allies [[Britain (Iron Heart)|Britain]] and [[France (Iron Heart)|France]] were subjected to attacks by the GFF on their home soil. While Truman issued statements of solidarity, it did nothing to change the American voters' minds. The ascension of the Republicans emboldened American troops abroad. By January, 1947, draftees were actively protesting in the streets of occupied Germany, demanding to go home. 

By February, 1947, Truman and Congress had already butted heads. Truman vetoed a budget that cut off funding for the occupation by the end of the year. While Congress did not have the votes to override the veto, this was at best a small victory for Truman, as Congress simply provided no funding to the occupation. Soon, the military began withdrawing troops for lack of funds. On July 4, 1947, [[Indianapolis (Iron Heart)|Indianapolis]] City Councilman [[Gus van Slyke]] was assassinated at an anti-occupation rally. Within hours, Republican Congressman [[Everett Dirksen#Everett Dirksen in The Man With the Iron Heart|Everett Dirksen]] had whipped a protest rally in Washington, DC into a frenzy with the news. The crowd did not committ any acts of violence, although Tom Schmidt, who was covering the crowd, feared that it might storm the White House.

The U.S. suffered another set back days later when the GFF once again prevented the trials of several prominent Nazi leaders. This time, the trials were to be held in [[Berlin (Iron Heart)|Berlin]], and managed by the Soviet Union. However, a GFF Werewolf seized an American [[C-47]] and crashed it into the courthouse. However, this event gave the USSR a black-eye, and inspired a new sense of cooperation. The [[NKVD (Iron Heart)|NKVD]] turned over a DP named [[Shmuel Birnbaum]], who'd been one of the slave-laborers who built Heydrich's hideout, to U.S. Army [[Howard Frank]] and Lou Weissberg. Reinhard Heydrich was finally located and killed, although the Administration's critics saw this as even greater reason to pull out troops, while Truman worried that killing Heydrich wasn't really the death of the GFF. This fear proved correct as [[Joachim Peiper (Iron Heart)|Joachim Peiper]] soon picked up where Heydrich left off, launching a series of commericial [[airline hijacking#airline hijacking in The Man With the Iron Heart|airline hijackings]]. 

In 1948, most of the United States troops in Germany had returned home, and the country hoped democracy and the atomic bomb would be enough to keep Germany in line.

== United States in ''[[In the Presence of Mine Enemies]]'' ==
The '''United States''' remained neutral during [[World War II (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|the Second World War]], watching as country after country fell in [[Europe#Europe in In the Presence of Mine Enemies|Europe]] and in [[Asia#Asia in In the Presence of Mine Enemies|Asia]]. After the war, the United States found itself in a growing cold war with the victorious [[Axis (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Axis]], particularly the [[Germany (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Greater German Reich]] and the [[Japan (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Empire of Japan]], climaxing with the [[Third World War]] in the late 1960s. Germany was the first country to develop nuclear weapons, destroying [[Washington, DC (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Washington, DC]] and [[Philadelphia (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Philadelphia]] during the fighting. While the U.S. was able to counter-attack German soil, it was subdued by its enemies. During the war, America lost a third of its population. 

After the war ended, the Reich genocided the [[Jews (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Jewish]] and [[black people (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Negro]] populations in the United States with large massacres taking place in [[New York City (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|New York City]] and [[Los Angeles (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Los Angeles]]. Segments of the white American population assisted in these massacres. 

With Washington, DC reduced to a nuclear wasteland, the American capital was moved to [[Omaha]] in the Mid West where a pro-Nazi American administration was established. The US paid an annual tribute, which became an important source of income for the Reich's economy. When the United States was either unable to pay this tribute or was late doing, the [[Wehrmacht(In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Wehrmacht]], which maintained bases in New York, [[Chicago (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|Chicago]], [[St. Louis (In the Presence of Mine Enemies)|St. Louis]] and Omaha itself, used terror tactics to bring the U.S. in line. 

The American economy underwent hyperinflation following the war with the US Dollar fallen from its place as a major world currency. 

In 2010, as part of the reforms promised by the fourth ''[[Führer]]'' [[Heinz Buckliger]], Germany reduced the annual assessment by 13% (allowing the American economy to flow easier) and sent a division of occupation troops in the US back to the Reich (allowing the Americans to do more as they pleased with a lesser chance of being bullied and harassed by the occupation troops). Despite this, some [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]] officials like [[Heinrich Gimpel]] and [[Willi Dorsch]] assumed that the Americans would always try to find ways out of paying the annual tribute.

In 2011, the U.S. effectively defaulted. However, the Reich did not respond militarily as it had in the past. Nonetheless, the ''Wehrmacht'' was keen to keep the U.S. under heel, knowing full well that the U.S. could make a formidable opponent if it regained its freedom.

== United States in [[Southern Victory]] ==
[[Image:USAstarsandstripes34.PNG‎|thumb|right|[[Great War]] era US flag with 34 stars representing each of the nation's 34 states.  ''See: [[Inconsistencies in Turtledove's Work]]''.]]
=== 1861-1881 ===

==== Foreign ====
In 1861, under [[President (US-Southern Victory)|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln (Southern Victory)|Abraham Lincoln]], the '''United States''' became involved in a civil war when eleven [[slavery (Southern Victory)|slaveholding]] Southern states attempted to secede from the Union and form the [[Confederate States (Southern Victory)|Confederate States]] of America. A year and a half of warfare (what became known as the [[War of Secession]]) followed.

In September 1862, the Confederate [[Army of Northern Virginia]] under [[Robert E. Lee (Southern Victory)|Robert E. Lee]] defeated and destroyed US General [[George McClellan]]'s [[Army of the Potomac]] at [[Camp Hill]], [[Pennsylvania (Southern Victory)|Pennsylvania]], then advanced on [[Philadelphia (Southern Victory)|Philadelphia]]. President Lincoln, feeling the cause was lost and under pressure from [[Britain (Southern Victory)|Britain]], signed a treaty recognizing the CSA's sovereignty.

==== Domestic ====

Lincoln was voted out of office in 1864, and the [[Democratic Party (Southern Victory)|Democratic Party]] won the next four Presidential elections. The Democrats, who before the war had favored Southern interests in the Federal government, took a soft line against the CS, and for the first twenty years that nation--and its ability to threaten the US--grew. It purchased [[Cuba (Southern Victory)|Cuba]] from [[Spain (Southern Victory)|Spain]] in the 1870s.

=== 1881-1914 ===
[[Image:WhiteHouse.jpg|thumb|right|A nineteenth century photo of the [[White House]]. 

<h level="4" i="14">==== Foreign ====</h>

The abandonment of [[Washington, DC (Southern Victory)|Washington, DC]] under threat of [[Confederate States (Southern Victory)|Confederate]] artillery became symbolic of the deprivations which the United States was forced to endure from the [[War of Secession]] to the [[Great War]].]]In 1880, American voters, tired of the Democrats' soft line, elected [[Republican Party (Southern Victory)|Republican]] [[James G. Blaine (Southern Victory)|James G. Blaine]] President. In Blaine's first year in office, his Confederate counterpart, [[James Longstreet (Southern Victory)|James Longstreet]], purchased the states of [[Chihuahua]] and [[Sonora]] from [[Mexico (Southern Victory)|Mexico]], making the CS a transcontinental power by giving it access to the Pacific port city of [[Guaymas]].

Blaine felt he could not tolerate this expansion, and went to war with the CS. The CS was supported by Britain and [[France (Southern Victory)|France]]. The US Army was disorganized and woefully underprepared for the war, and was easily defeated. The CS graciously offered the US ''status quo antebellum'' in everything but recognition of the Confederate claim to the two Mexican states. Britain, however, took half the state of [[Maine#Maine in Southern Victory|Maine]] as a territorial concession and annexed it to the Dominion of [[Canada (Southern Victory)|Canada]].

==== Domestic ====

Following the war, the [[Germany (Southern Victory)|German]] military observer to the United States, [[Alfred von Schlieffen (Southern Victory)|Alfred von Schlieffen]], recommended sweeping reorganizations to the US military to US [[General-in-Chief]] [[William Rosecrans]]. The military took these suggestions to heart, and Schleiffen, realizing the US's wealth of resources and antagonistic relationship with France could make it a potentially valuable ally, became along with German ambasador to the US [[Kurd von Schlozer]], a voice in [[Berlin#Berlin in Southern Victory|Berlin]] in favor of a US-German alliance--what ultimately became the [[Central Powers]] after German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck (Southern Victory)|Otto von Bismarck]] offered such an alliance to the US and the US accepted. (The alliance also included [[Austria-Hungary#Austria-Hungary in Southern Victory|Austria-Hungary]]. For their part, the CS joined Britain, France, and [[Russia (Southern Victory)|Russia]] in forming the [[Entente#Entente in Southern Victory|Entente]].)

Over the next thirty years, Democrats dominated American politics, but with a much more nationalistic slant. The Republican Party, on the heels of the failures of both Lincoln and Blaine, had become largely defunct, and was soon eclipsed by the upstart [[Socialist Party]] as the Democrats' primary opposition.

The Democratic ideology was the U.S Nationalism known as [[Remembrance (Political Ideology)|"Remembrance."]] The US took to heart Schleiffen's suggestions for a military reorganization, replacing the position of General-in-Chief, which had limited supervision over largely autonomous field armies, with the centralized [[General Staff]]. However, the reforms did not stop there; all of US society was reorganized. Government became more bureacratic, life more regulated. Under hard-line presidents like [[Thomas Brackett Reed#Thomas Brackett Reed in Southern Victory|Thomas Brackett Reed]] (1897-1902) and [[Alfred Thayer Mahan#Alfred Thayer Mahan in Southern Victory|Alfred Thayer Mahan]] (1889-1897), every facet of the country was fine-tuned to be able to support a war effort against the Entente. (It was during Reed's administration that a mutual defense pact was signed with [[Haiti (Southern Victory)|Haiti]], perceived as a rather aggressive mood, and that the US threatened war with the CS if it attempted to dig a canal through the Isthmus of [[Nicaragua#Nicaragua in Southern Victory|Nicaragua]].)

That war came in 1914 when Austro-Hungarian Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] was assassinated in [[Sarajevo#Sarajevo in Southern Victory|Sarajevo]]. Alliance systems were invoked, and war spread across Europe--and North America. The [[Great War]] had begun.

=== 1914-1917 ===

==== Foreign ====

[[Image:TRKaiser.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Theodore Roosevelt#Theodore Roosevelt in Southern Victory|Theodore Roosevelt]] meets with [[Germany (Southern Victory)|German]] 
Kaiser [[Wilhelm II of Germany#Wilhelm II in Southern Victory|Wilhelm II]].  By the turn of the century, strong leadership at home and the growing [[Central Powers]] alliance system had begun to restore the United States to a position of international and military prestige.]]Unlike in its previous two wars against the CS, the US did not allow its enemy to make early gains in the Great War, vigorously contesting the Confederate advance through Washington DC, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. The US invaded both the CS and the Dominion of Canada and held the line against both through several years of hard fighting on [[stationary fronts]], also mounting a naval conquest of the British Sandwich Islands in the opening weeks of the war. US scientists and engineers, cooperating with their German counterparts, produced many new weapons and innovations, including [[poison gas#poison gas in Southern Victory|poison gas]] and [[barrel]]s, though these two were quickly aped by the US's enemies.

The US supported the [[Red Rebellion]] in the Confederacy in 1915, forcing the CS to take men off the line to suppress the rebellion--though the US was forced to do the same to contain the perenially rebellious [[Mormon (Southern Victory)|Mormons]].

In 1916, US superiority in numbers and resources began to tell, and they were able to push their enemies back. They made significant inroads into the Canadian province of Quebec, and President [[Theodore Roosevelt#Theodore Roosevelt in Southern Victory|Theodore Roosevelt]] decided to take advantage of Quebecois disaffection with their Anglophone neighbors stemming from religious and linguistic differences and create the Republic of [[Quebec (Southern Victory)|Quebec]]. 

Finally, in 1917, the US achieved a breakthrough. The first came in [[Tennessee#Tennessee in Southern Victory|Tennessee]], where General [[George Custer (Southern Victory)|George Armstrong Custer]] ordered the [[Barrel Roll Offensive]], in violation of General Staff doctrine. After that, Confederate armies collapsed throughout the country, and soon British and Canadian armies did, too. At the cost of 1.5 million KIA, the US had at long last achieved its great victory.

==== Domestic ====

The gains the US made on the war front secured [[United States Presidential Election, 1916|re-election]] for Roosevelt.

=== 1917-1941 ===

==== Foreign ====

With an eye toward preventing the Entente from threatening the US again in the future, Roosevelt forced the defeated British to yield all claim to Canada and allow it to be occupied by US forces. He also demanded large indemnities and severe arms restrictions from the CS and the concession of the states of [[Kentucky (Southern Victory)|Kentucky]], [[Sequoyah]], and [[Houston]]. He placed the state of [[Utah (Southern Victory)|Utah]] under martial law.

[[Image:USSRemembrance.jpg|thumb|right|The USS ''[[Remembrance (Aircraft Carrier)|Remembrance]]'' was the world's first [[aircraft carrier]].  However, the [[United States Navy#United States Navy in Southern Victory)|U.S. Navy]] forfeited its lead over other navies in the development of this and other innovations in response to [[Socialist Party]] budget cuts.]]Throughout this period, the US had paid less attention to the defeated CS. Sinclair had forgiven the war indemnities after the assassination of [[Wade Hampton V]], and the US stopped sending weapons inspectors to enforce compliance with the arms restrictions shortly thereafter. When [[Jake Featherston]] of the [[Freedom Party]] was elected President of the CS in 1933, he secretly rearmed.

Featherston encouraged civil unrest among former Confederates in Kentucky, Houston, and, to a lesser extent, Sequoyah, and also supported insurgents in Utah. Smith ended martial law in Utah as an attempt to appease the latter group, and met with Featherston in [[Richmond (Southern Victory)|Richmond]] to discuss a solution for the three former Confederate states. Featherston clearly got the better of Smith at this meeting, convincing the US President to agree to plebiscites in the three states and agreeing that, whichever country won, the states would remain demilitarized for twenty-five years--a promise he had no intention of keeping.

Through Freedomite intimidation tactics, the US lost the plebiscites in Kentucky and Houston, and Featherston immediately stationed troops in these states upon retaking possession of them. Featherston then issued an ultimatum claiming the US had fixed the Sequoyah plebiscite and demanding the return of that state as well as several other small territorial concessions made at the end of the Great War. The US refused and was invaded on June 22, 1941 when Featherston launched [[Operation Blackbeard]] without issuing a formal declaration of war.

==== Domestic ====

With the long-sought after victory attained, Americans began looking more toward domestic policies than foreign. (One unfortunate manifestation of this shift in public opinion was that the US backed down from its protest of [[Turkey (Southern Victory)|Turkey]]'s genocide against the [[Armenians]] when Germany supported Turkey.) The years immediately following the Great War were marked by severe labor unrest, and in 1920, [[United States Presidential Election, 1920|when Roosevelt ran for re-election to an unprecedented third term]], he lost to Socialist [[Upton Sinclair#Upton Sinclair in Southern Victory|Upton Sinclair]].

Sinclair's first term was a time of peace and prosperity for the US, and he was [[United States Presidential Election, 1924|re-elected in 1924]]. The good times continued through his second term. However, [[United States Presidential Election, 1928|in 1928]], Sinclair's Vice President, [[Hosea Blackford]], was elected (having defeated the once-popular Roosevelt, Sinclair was wary of violating the two-term precedent) and within a year the stock markect collapsed and the US economy plumetted. The Blackford Administration was further embattled when [[Japan (Southern Victory)|Japan]] attacked the US, beginning the [[Pacific War]]. Though the war was a draw and was not particularly costly for the US, the Japanese managed to raid Los Angeles while Blackford was appearing there at a campaign function. Blackford was defeated in [[United States Presidential Election, 1936 (Southern Victory)|1932]] by [[Calvin Coolidge (Southern Victory)|Calvin Coolidge]], who died before taking office; his term was served by [[Herbert Hoover (Southern Victory)|Herbert Hoover]]. Hoover fared no better than Blackford in sparking economic recovery (though he did manage to conclude the Pacific War), and was himself defeated by Socialist [[Al Smith#Al Smith in Southern Victory|Al Smith]] in [[United States Presidential Election, 1936 (Southern Victory)|1936]].

=== 1941-1943 ===

==== Foreign ====

The US was unprepared for the Confederate invasion and was driven back quickly in the first months of the war. Confederate forces took [[Sandusky]], [[Ohio (Southern Victory)|Ohio]], on [[Lake Erie]] and neatly bisected the US, cutting every transcontinental supply line not involving Canada.

The front stabilized when the Confederates reached Sandusky, and the US launched a counterattack in Virginia; however, the Confederates very effectively ground this assault to a halt north of Fredericksburg. US commander [[Daniel MacArthur]] launced two ill-advised assaults on that city known as the [[Battles of Fredericksburg]]. After the second such assault, the Virginia front essentiallly became a stalemate.

Early in 1942, President Smith was killed in an air raid on Philadelphia. [[Charles W. La Follette]] became President.

The US sent supporting columns to open secondary fronts all along the border to counteract the Confederate advantage of interior lines of communication. This was effective in severely taxing CS Army personnel, but the Confederate column in Ohio launched [[Operation Coalscuttle]] into Pennsylvania late in 1942. The army pushed the US back into [[Pittsburgh#Pittsburgh in Southern Victory|Pittsburgh]], where it was destroyed in an enormous months-long battle.

Following the destruction of the [[Army of Kentucky]], US General [[Irving Morrell]] followed up with a campaign to liberate Ohio and push through Kentucky, [[Tennessee#Tennessee in Southern Victory|Tennessee]], and [[Georgia (state)|Georgia]], with his ultimate objective being [[Atlanta (Southern Victory)|Atlanta]]. By the fall of 1943, his forces had nearly reached that city. Their [[fighter-bomber]]s had gained air superiority over the Confederates, their [[paratroopers]] were threatening the flanks and rears of Confederate positions, and their barrels were superior to the enemy's. 

Also in that year, the US [[Eleventh Army]] under General [[Abner Dowling]] retook Houston and took [[Camp Determination]] in [[Texas#Texas in Southern Victory|Texas]]. The U.S. Navy won a decisive victory over the British in the [[Battle of the North Atlantic]] and retook [[Bermuda (Southern Victory)|Bermuda]]. Japan disengaged from US forces and attacked Britain's Asian colonies.

However, Philadelphia came under fire from Confederate [[rockets]] that fall.

The US supported guerrilla fighters within the CS recruited from among the black population, which was the target of a genocide by the racist Featherston. The CS supported yet another Mormon rebellion in Utah, and Britain--still a nominal enemy despite both the Entente and the Central Powers being much looser in terms of intercontinental cooperation than was true in the Great War--supported a Canadian uprising. In 1942, that uprising expelled a Quebecois garrison from the city of [[Winnipeg]]. The US was also engaged in a war against Japan; it defended the [[Sandwich Islands]], a Great War territorial gain, against that nation and retook [[Midway]] and [[Wake Island]]. This war ended in 1943.

In [[Hanford (Southern Victory)|Hanford]], [[Washington (Southern Victory)|Washington]], US physicists began a top-secret project to build a [[superbomb]].

=== 1944 ===

==== Foreign ====
Unfortunately, despite the military gains the country had made, plunging into the Confederacy, the CS was able to deploy the new [[superbomb]] first, destroying a sizeable portion of downtown Philadelphia. In response, the US destroyed [[Newport News#Newport News in Southern Victory|Newport News]] in a failed attempt to kill Jake Featherston. In addition, the US destroyed [[Charleston, South Carolina#Charleston in Southern Victory|Charleston]], [[South Carolina#South Carolina in Southern Victory|South Carolina]].

Featherston fled further into the CS, but was ultimately killed. With his death, the CS surrendered. The US Army quickly occupied all CS territory from coast to coast, and settled into what was believed to be a long occupation, as die-hard Freedomites continued to resist the US, and US forces routinely responded with bloody retribution.

At the same time, the US, now fully aware of the [[Population Reduction]] perpetrated against Confederate blacks, began punishing the government officials who'd carried out the killings, while at the same time trying to force some equality upon the population.

==== Domestic ====

On the home front, despite the US's ulimate victory, Charles La Follette lost his bid for re-election to Democrat [[Thomas Dewey#Thomas Dewey in Southern Victory|Thomas Dewey]]. Dewey's stated goal was to complete the reintegration of the former Confederacy into the US, making North America whole again. On the world stage, Dewey announced plans to [[Dewey Doctrine|continue the country's partnership]] with Germany to police the world and prevent the spread of [[superbomb]] technology.

==United States in ''[[The Valley-Westside War]]''==
{{stub}}

==United States in [[A World of Difference]]==
The '''United States''' was one of two countries to send a manned ship to the planet [[Minerva]]. The other was its rival, the [[Soviet Union (A World of Difference)|Soviet Union]]. Following the death of [[Frank Marquard]], the US reluctantly supported the [[Omalo]] in the [[Skarmer-Omalo War]]. The Omalo emerged victorious, and the US developed very warm relations with [[Reatur]], who suddenly found himself an extremely powerful [[domain-master]].

== United States in [[Worldwar]] ==
[[Image:USA.jpg|thumb|right|US flag with 48 stars]]
=== 1942-1945 ===
On December 7, 1941, [[Japan (Worldwar)|Japanese]] forces attacked the '''United States''' base at [[Pearl Harbor (Worldwar)|Pearl Harbor]], [[Hawaii (Worldwar)|Hawaii]], drawing the US into [[World War II (Worldwar)|World War II]] on the side of the [[Allied Forces (Worldwar)|Allies]]. Less than six months later, [[the Race]]'s [[Conquest Fleet]] [[the Race Invasion|invaded]] Earth, and that war was abandoned as every human nation was thrown into a fight for its survival.

[[Image:Mushroom_Cloud.jpg|thumb|left|American physicists enabled the United States to obtain diplomatic recognition from [[the Race]] by building [[atomic bomb (Worldwar)|atomic bomb]]s in the nick of time]]
The US military fared badly in the first year of the war, with Race forces taking pockets of territory throughout the Midwest and the destruction of its capital, [[Washington, DC (Worldwar)|Washington, DC]] by one of the Race's [[nuclear missile]]s. In the winter of 1942-43, however, US generals [[George Patton (Worldwar)|George Patton]] and [[Omar Bradley#Omar Bradley in Worldwar|Omar Bradley]], taking advantage of the Race's low tolerance for cold temperatures, launched a counterattack during a snowstorm that prevented the Race from taking the city of [[Chicago (Worldwar)|Chicago]].

The US became a participant in the [[Big Five]] cobelligerency along with [[Germany (Worldwar)|Germany]], Japan, [[Britain (Worldwar)|Britain]] and the [[Soviet Union (Worldwar)|Soviet Union]]. It benefited from technology exchanges among the group, and received a sample of radioactive [[plutonium#plutonium in Worldwar|plutonium]] from the [[Poland (Worldwar)|Polish]] [[Jews (Worldwar)|Jew]] [[Mordechai Anielewicz#Mordechai Anielewicz in Worldwar|Mordechai Anielewicz]].

The US completed an atomic bomb in late 1943 and destroyed the city of Chicago, which the Race was on the verge of taking. It also destroyed the Race-held city of [[Miami#Miami in Worldwar|Miami]]. The Race retaliated by destroying [[Seattle#Seattle in World War|Seattle]] and Pearl Harbor; [[Vice President of the United States#Worldwar|Vice President]] [[Henry Wallace (Worldwar)|Henry Wallace]] was killed in the former.

[[President (US-Worldwar)|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt (Worldwar)|Franklin D. Roosvelt]] died in 1944 and was succeeded by Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull (Worldwar)|Cordell Hull]]. It was Hull who accepted the Race's invitation to be part of the [[Peace of Cairo]] and sent ''his'' Secretary of State, General [[George Marshall (Worldwar)|George Marshall]], to represent US interests at the conference. Along with its Big Five cobelligerents, the US was among the first political entity to force an authority of the [[Ssumaz dynasty]] to treat with it on equal terms in more than fifty thousand years.

=== 1945-1962 ===
Peace prevailed on Earth, however unsteadily, and the US, like Germany and the Soviet Union (and Japan and Britain to a much lesser extent) took advantage of this peace to build up its technological arsenal. The US built nuclear missiles, computers, created its own Internet, and became a space-faring government: It maintained a space station in Earth orbit, flew regular orbital flights, and visited the Moon and [[Mars]].

=== 1962-1966 ===
[[Image:Earlwarren.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Earl Warren]]'s attack on the [[Colonization Fleet]] and its aftermath would become the most controversial decision in American history]]In 1962 the Race's [[Colonization Fleet]] arrived in Earth orbit. It was attacked by the nuclear missiles of an unknown party, and twelve of its starships were destroyed. The attack had been ordered by none other than US [[President (US-Worldwar)|President]] [[Earl Warren (Worldwar)|Earl Warren]], but this would not come to light for several years.

In 1963 the US completed the ''[[Lewis and Clark]]'', a space vessel which it sent to the asteroid belt. This was the first spaceship of human build to use an atomic engine and was considered a forerunner of a starship with interstellar capability.

The US allowed the Race to set up shrines to [[the spirits of emperors past]] within its territory, making it unique among the human powers. The US believed it could not bar the shrines under the Free Exercise clause of its Constitution. The Race's cult of [[emperor-worship]] was adopted by some Americans, mainly Californians.

The US remained neutral in the war between Germany and the Race, but Warren took note of the destruction to which Germany was subjected. U.S. offers to broker a peace were rejected. 

When [[Straha]], an exiled Conquest Fleet shiplord who had defected to the US in 1944, brought incriminating evidence of US involvement in the Colonization Fleet episode provided to him by his friend, [[Sam Yeager]], to the attention of [[Atvar]], the US was presented with a choice: allow the Race to destroy an American city; discontinue its space program; or go to war. Warren knew that, even with Soviet help, the US could not win a war, and also knew that the dismantling of the space program would be an unacceptable setback. Warren therefore allowed the Race to destroy [[Indianapolis#Indianapolis in Worldwar|Indianapolis]], then committed suicide and was succeeded by his Vice President, [[Harold Stassen#Harold Stassen in Worldwar|Harold Stassen]].

=== 1966-2031 ===
As [[ginger]] use became widespread among the Colonization Fleet's females, causing them to become sexually receptive all the time, many who frequently mated with male [[friendship|friends]] became interested in entering into [[exclusive mating arrangement]]s, or marriages. As the Race considered [[monogamy]] the height of perversion, these couples were not welcome in their own government's territory. The United States accepted many monogamous Lizards as defectors, thus deepening their own talent pool and simultaneously depleting the Race's.

In the late 1970s the US began experimenting with [[cold sleep]] technology. A number of people it considered useful (and, not coincidentally, troublesome) such as [[Sam Yeager]] and [[Glenn Johnson]] were put into suspended animation in preparation for an interstellar journey to [[Home]] at sublight speeds. The US launched its starship, the ''[[Admiral Peary]]'', in 1997. It arrived in Home orbit in 2031, the first starship not of Race manufacture to visit Home in that planet's history.

[[Image:TauCeti.jpg|thumb|right|The United States starship ''[[Admiral Peary]]'' was the first non-[[the Race|Race]] spacecraft to enter the [[Tau Ceti]] system in known history]]The ''Admiral Peary'' was sent with the primary mission of establishing an embassy on Home. It had originally intended for Dr. [[Henry Kissinger#Henry Kissinger in Worldwar|Henry Kissinger]] to be diplomatic chief of mission, but he failed to awaken from cold sleep and Sam Yeager became ambassador.

Yeager and his team dealt primarily with Atvar, Race psychologist [[Ttomalss]], and Tosevite citizen of the Empire [[Kassquit]]. Yeager was also granted an audience with Emperor [[Risson]], making him the first ambassador to be received by a Ssumaz emperor since the unification of Home.

Despite a willingness to negotiate in good faith by both parties, the Race could not accept the threat presented to it by the US's presence in the [[Tau Ceti]] system. The tone of the negotiations steadily deteriorated over a period of several months, and war seemed increasingly likely. Then the [[FTL]] ship ''[[Commodore Perry]]'' arrived in Home orbit, a clear sign that the United States had surpassed the slow-moving Race technologically--thus giving the US the very real option of destroying the Race's entire empire if the Race attempted to destroy the United States and Earth. Under an unprecedented threat, the Race sought to reach a peaceful understanding with the US.

== United States in "[[Elder Skelter]]" ==
'''The United States''' was in the throws of a generational crisis as [[Boomers]] retained the reigns of government in the face of [[Generation X]]ers and [[Wire]]s. The [[Twenty-Eighth Amendment]] to the Constitution had been passed, which called for a balanced budget and restrained entitlement programs.

When [[Quebec (Elder Skelter)|Quebec]] invaded the [[Maritimes (Elder Skelter)|Maritimes]], the Maritimes called on the US to arbitrate a cease-fire and send peace-keepers. In a cabinet meeting, the president reazlied that the Twenty-Eighth Amendment limited her use of peace-keepers. She was also confronted by the generational anxiety of her younger cabinet members. The situation was made more difficult by the possibility that Quebec might next turn its attention to [[Maine (Elder Skelter)|Maine]] if it wasn't stopped in the Maritimes.

== United States in "[[Getting Real]]" ==
Early in the 21st century [[China#China in "Getting Real"|China]] refused to continue to lend to '''The United States''' causing a severe economic downturn. The U.S. reacted poorly causing its problems to escalate so that by 2117 it was considered by the world an "economic basket case".

During this period, the U.S. government and its citizens refused to recognize their changed status and continued to act as though it were the premier superpower leading to further declines. China used this to its advantage and gained the U.S.'s former status. The U.S. also reacted militarily but had lost ground technologically as well so that its attacks were defeated. The resulting indemnities and loss of [[Catalina Island|territory]] continued its decline.

==United States in "[[Joe Steele (story)|Joe Steele]]"==
The '''United States''' history of representative government came to an end upon the election of [[California (Joe Steele)|California]] congressman [[Joe Steele]] to the presidency. Steele quickly assumed greater power for the executive, colluding with [[J. Edgar Hoover#J. Edgar Hoover in "Joe Steele"|J. Edgar Hoover]] to break the Supreme Court, purge the military, and keep the American people in a state of terror. 

Although Steele guided the country through [[World War II (Joe Steele)|World War II]] and the [[Japanese War]], his unprecedented 6 elections and assumption of absolute power broke the institutions of democracy. Upon Steele's death, Hoover assumed the presidency, and began a reign even more tyrannical than Steele's.

==United States in "[[Les Mortes d'Arthur]]"==
The '''United States''' suffered a major disaster from which it had not recovered by the end of the twenty-second Century. This had left the country poor and its cities in ruins. A major export was Coca-Cola after the original formula was rediscovered in the ruins of [[Atlanta]].

The US managed to be able to afford to send a team of one man and one woman to [[Mimas]], a moon of [[Saturn#Saturn in "Les Mortes d'Arthur"|Saturn]], for the [[Sixty-sixth Winter Games|sixty-sixth]] [[Winter Olympic Games]] for the first time in four Olympiads. Private contributions raised the funds for two berths on the [[Arab World]] space ship [[Nasser]]. Given the team's lack of opportunity for low-g training, they were not expected to contend for any medals but the rest of the world was pleased to see them participating once more.

==United States in "[[Must and Shall]]"==
The '''United States''' survived the [[Great Rebellion]] of 1861-1865, and the Southern [[Confederate States (Must and Shall)|Confederate]] states were kept in the Union. However, the United States government imposed a harsh and repressive peace upon the rebellious states. In 1942, the federal government stopped a [[Nazi]]-backed uprising. Many of the freedoms the Loyal States took for granted were denied the Southern states.

==United States in "[[News From the Front]]"==
The '''United States''' was sharply divided after [[Japan (News From the Front)|Japan]] attacked [[Pearl Harbor (News From the Front)|Pearl Harbor]]. Almost immediately, the American press unleased a continuace stream of criticism of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt (News From the Front)|Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s handling of [[World War II (News From the Front)|World War II]], often releasing strategic secrets in their efforts to demonstrate the president's incompetence. As his poll numbers fell, Roosevelt's position grew more vulnerable, and his honesty was called into question. By June, 1942, Roosevelt was on the verge becoming the second president ever impeached. 

==United States in ''[[The Two Georges (novel)|The Two Georges]]''==
See [[North American Union]]
{{Infamy}}
{{In the Presence of Mine Enemies}}
{{The Man With the Iron Heart}}
{{Southern Victory}}
{{Worldwar}}